👋

Made by someone who's navigated this himself — not a government office

Home · Blog · ICE Ankle Monitors Explained
ICE Ankle Monitors, Explained — history, purpose, and how the program works today
Published August 9, 2026 · 8 min read · Status & Enforcement

ICE Ankle Monitors, Explained: History, Purpose, and How the Program Works Today

As of 2026, more people are being monitored electronically by ICE than are held in physical detention. Here's where the program came from, why it exists, who wore the devices first, and how it works today.

This article is general information, not legal advice. If you or a family member is enrolled in ICE's monitoring program and have questions about your specific case, consult an accredited representative or immigration attorney.

What "ATD" actually means

ATD stands for Alternatives to Detention — ICE's term for supervising people in immigration proceedings without holding them in a detention facility. Instead of jailing someone while their case moves through immigration court, ICE tracks and checks in on them out in the community.

The main program is called ISAP, the Intensive Supervision Appearance Program, and it leans on three tools: GPS ankle monitors that track location continuously, a smartphone app called SmartLINK that uses facial recognition and GPS to confirm identity during check-ins, and old-fashioned telephonic reporting — voice-recognition check-in calls, now the least common of the three.

When it started, and why

ICE piloted the program in 2004, the same year the agency itself was created in the post-9/11 reorganization that formed the Department of Homeland Security. The pilot launched in eight cities — Baltimore, Philadelphia, Miami, St. Paul, Denver, Kansas City, San Francisco, and Portland, Oregon — enrolling up to 200 people per city, tracked through a mix of ankle monitors, in-person visits, and home visits.

From the start, ICE didn't run the program itself. It was operated under contract by Behavioral Interventions, Inc., which later became BI Incorporated, a wholly-owned subsidiary of The GEO Group, one of the country's largest private prison operators. That relationship has held, largely unbroken, for more than two decades.

Congress has funded ATD every year since. The logic then is the same logic now: detaining someone in a facility costs far more per day than monitoring them electronically, and detention space has always been tight relative to how many people ICE processes.

Who wore them first

The earliest ISAP pilots weren't aimed at any particular nationality or type of case — case specialists enrolled a limited group of adults already in removal proceedings across the eight pilot cities. That same year, ICE separately ran its own in-house pilot, the Electronic Monitoring Device program, combining phone check-ins with home curfews enforced by radio-frequency monitoring. In 2008 the agency folded ISAP, EMD, and a third program together into a single, larger effort known as ISAP II.

Who actually wore the monitors changed a lot over the following decade. By the mid-2010s they had become closely tied to families and asylum seekers, especially after the 2014 surge of Central American families arriving at the southern border. Advocates at the time argued the devices were being placed on people — asylum-seeking mothers with children, for instance — who had every reason to show up for court and little to no flight risk. One mother, made to wear a monitor, put it bluntly: "Where do they think I'm going to flee to? I have nowhere to go?"

ICE responded to that criticism with a different approach: the Family Case Management Program, which ran from January 2016 to June 2017 and paired families with case managers instead of ankle monitors — no electronics at all. It worked. Compliance came in around 99% for check-ins and appointments, and close to 100% for court hearings. It was also more expensive per participant than ISAP, and the incoming Trump administration cited that cost, along with a lower removal rate among the families it served, when it shut the program down in June 2017. Enrollment shifted back to electronic monitoring after that.

How the program grew

Growth since then has been steady, then sudden. The program held a few hundred people through its earliest years, climbed to roughly 53,000 by 2015 and around 111,000 by 2020, according to GAO's own figures. From there it accelerated: about 86,500 at the end of 2020, 157,000 a year later, and past 300,000 for the first time by September 2022 — rapid expansion under the Biden administration's broadened use of ATD. Different trackers put the actual peak somewhere in the mid-300,000s to roughly 376,000 sometime in 2023 (ICE doesn't publish one clean, continuous count, so the exact figure and date shift depending on the source). Enrollment then fell back to about 179,000 by October 2024 and has held near 183,000 as of mid-2026, the most recent figure available.

GPS ankle monitors specifically have moved on their own, faster track. Around 24,000 people wore one in mid-2025. That number climbed past 40,000 by January 2026 and past 42,000 by February, after a June 2025 internal ICE memo directed officers to rely on ankle monitors more heavily instead of SmartLINK or phone check-ins. That's roughly a doubling in under a year — the highest level of GPS monitoring in the program's history, even though total ATD enrollment remains well below its 2023 peak.

Who is eligible today

According to ICE's own criteria, adults 18 and older who've been released from DHS custody and are either in active removal proceedings or under a final removal order can be enrolled in ATD-ISAP. Officers are supposed to weigh several factors — how far along someone's case is, flight risk, and other individual circumstances — and ICE says enrollment decisions are made case by case, not automatically.

Does it work?

The evidence on court-appearance compliance is genuinely strong. A 2014 GAO report (GAO-15-26) found that more than 95% of people on "full-service" alternatives to detention showed up for their final hearings, based on 2011–2013 data. Other community-based programs that skip electronics entirely — run by groups like Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service, and the FCMP itself — have posted comparably high appearance rates by leaning on case management, legal access, and stable housing instead.

That's the crux of the ongoing debate: advocates argue the monitoring itself may not be what drives compliance. Programs built around case management and legal support have matched or beaten the numbers from GPS-monitored programs, at a fraction of the psychological cost and often less money.

What criticism the program has drawn

The physical toll shows up often in interviews collected by immigrant-rights groups and journalists over the past decade: skin burns, inflammation, sores, and bleeding at the point of contact. Psychologically, Human Rights Watch and immigrant legal-service organizations have documented anxiety, depression, stigma, and — for people who survived trauma or incarceration back home — retraumatization tied to wearing a device historically associated with the criminal justice system. Studies cited by Human Rights Watch have also raised doubts about how accurately SmartLINK's facial recognition works across different racial and ethnic groups.

There's also the question of who profits. BI Incorporated is a subsidiary of The GEO Group, a for-profit prison and detention company, and critics point out that a monitoring program run by a company whose business model depends on incarceration-adjacent contracts has a built-in incentive to grow the surveilled population rather than shrink it — regardless of whether monitoring is really the least restrictive option available. A 2026 lawsuit from the ACLU and Just Futures Law goes after a related question: how federal officials actually use the voice, facial recognition, biometric, and GPS data the program collects, and how unclear it remains where that data goes after it's gathered.

Zoom out and the scale itself becomes the criticism. A pilot that started with a few hundred people in 2004 has, at points, monitored more than 300,000 at once — more than ICE holds in physical detention. That raises an obvious question: has ATD become a parallel, lower-visibility form of custody, rather than a genuine alternative to it?

The bottom line

ATD began in 2004 as a small, contractor-run pilot meant to ease pressure on expensive detention space. Two decades later it's one of the largest ongoing surveillance programs in the U.S. immigration system — roughly 180,000 people monitored right now, tens of thousands of them on GPS ankle monitors and climbing, run without interruption by the same corporate lineage since year one. The programs with the best compliance records have consistently been the ones that leaned least on electronic monitoring and most on case management and legal access — a tension that's likely to keep shaping where this program goes next.

If you or a family member is currently enrolled in ATD and has questions about compliance requirements, violations, or how to request removal of a monitor, that's a case-specific legal question.

Find free or low-cost accredited immigration help →

Know someone whose TPS or other status recently ended and who's unsure what happens next?

See what options may still be open →
This article is general information, not legal advice. Enrollment figures and enforcement policy change; the facts here were accurate as of publication (August 9, 2026) and may have changed since. Always consult a licensed attorney or DOJ-accredited representative for guidance specific to your situation.
Sources: ICE.gov — "Alternatives to Detention" program page (archived) · AILA — "ICE Announces Alternative Detention Program," June 2004 · American Immigration Council — "Alternatives to Immigration Detention: An Overview," March 2025 · Congressional Research Service, R45804 — "Immigration: Alternatives to Detention (ATD) Programs" · The GEO Group / BI Incorporated — 2020 ISAP contract announcement · Center for American Progress — "Immigrants and Asylum-Seekers Deserve Humane Alternatives to Detention," July 2022 · Women's Refugee Commission and Immigration Policy Tracking Project — Family Case Management Program background and discontinuation reporting · U.S. GAO, GAO-15-26 (November 2014) — appearance-rate data · U.S. GAO, GAO-22-104529 (June 2022) — historical enrollment figures · TRAC Immigration (Syracuse University) — "Immigrants Monitored by ICE's Alternatives to Detention Program..." and Immigration Detention Quick Facts, 2026 · TRAC Immigration / Austin Kocher — 2026 GPS ankle-monitor enrollment reporting · Human Rights Watch — reporting on ankle monitor physical/psychological effects and facial recognition accuracy concerns · TIME — "Feds' Use of Immigrant Tracking Technology Triggers Lawsuit," 2026 · Mission Local — "ICE steps up surveillance of immigrants with increased electronic monitoring," August 2026 · DHS Privacy Impact Assessment, ICE-062 (ATD program), August 2023 · DHS — "Referrals from Nongovernmental Organizations" reports, FY2023–2024.